Modified small RNA viruses

ABSTRACT

Small RNA viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) have altered or substituted Ig-like domains so as to modify host cell tropism. The invention also relates to the use of such small RNA viruses and VLPs in insecticidal and medicinal applications.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to small RNA viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) having altered or substituted Ig-like domains so as to modify host cell tropism or, in other words, the specificity of host cell binding and infection. The invention also relates to the use of such small RNA viruses and VLPs in insecticidal and medicinal applications.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Formally recognised small RNA viruses include members of Picornaviradae, the Nodaviradae and the Tetraviradae. However, there are many unrecognised insect viruses that also fall into this category. The Tetraviradae are a family of small isometric insect viruses with unenveloped, icosahedral capsids 35-41 nm in diameter and single-stranded positive-sense RNA (ss+RNA) genomes. They have not received wide attention from virologists. Their known host range is confirmed to only a few families of moths in a single insect order, the Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies), making them the only small RNA virus family restricted to insect hosts. While they appear to be effective at controlling several of their hosts that are important insect pests, they have been little used in this regard. The lack of a cell culture system or, until recently, a reliable means to obtain the virus from laboratory reared insects made it necessary to rely on sporadically available field-collected material of uncertain quality. Such was the difficulty that only recently did it emerge that there are actually two groups of tetraviruses, Nudaurelia β-like viruses having a mono-partite genome of ca. 6 kb and Nudaurelia ω-like viruses having a bi-partite genome comprising ss RNAs of 5.3 and 2.5 kb. There are only two known Nudaurelia ω-like viruses. The complete genome of one member (Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus—HaSV) has been previously sequenced by the present inventors. The other member is Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV) which has been partially sequenced.

One of the most intriguing aspects of infections by tetraviruses is that they appear only to infect a single tissue type, which in the case of HaSV is the midgut. In a definitive experiment that highlights the specificity of HaSV, the present inventors showed that its midgut specificity prevailed even when virus was injected into the haemocoel of larvae, thereby exposing host non-midgut cell types not normally exposed to HaSV. The presence of virus was examined by using cloned cDNA probes on Northern blots of RNA extracted from midguts and from the rest of the carcasses from three groups of larvae, one injected with HaSV, one fed HaSV and uninfected controls. They observed a positive signal only in the midgut RNA of both groups of larvae treated with HaSV.

Further evidence for specific binding of HaSV particles to a particular cell type comes from a rigorous examination of larvae of H. armigera infected with HaSV. The sensitive immuno-histochemistry technique of immuno-gold staining with silver enhancement was employed on a series of cross- and sagittal-sections of infected larvae. Sections in this series were also examined with electron microscopy. Staining appeared only in midgut cells despite close attention to tissues from the foregut, fat, body, salivary gland, and brain. Both types of differentiated cells of the midgut, the columnar and goblet cells, were found to be infected, as were the much smaller undifferentiated regenerative cells at the basal membrane. Although all these midgut cell types were found to be infected, analysis of virus binding to cells in sections of wax-embedded midgut showed that only goblet cells, and not columnar cells, were the primary target of HaSV binding.

The two known ω-like viruses show a high degree of sequence identity. That is, the amino acid sequences of the coat proteins of the two ω-like viruses show an overall 67% identity (76% similarity). This comparison defined four domains in the coat (capsid) protein, with two regions of high homology (ca. 80% identity and containing extensive stretches of sequence reaching over 95% identity) (Hanzlik et al., 1995). A 49 residue amino-terminal domain shows lower homology, as does a 165 residue sequence located towards the middle of the sequence and showing 33% identity. Surprisingly, the high overall sequence identity is not reflected in a detectable serological relationship suggesting that the central domain of low sequence homology is exposed on the capsid surface as the sole immunogenic portion of the intact virion. As first suggested by Hanzlik et al. (1995), this region is responsible for the differing host specificities of the two viruses.

The present inventors have now surprisingly realised that the central domain (corresponding to residues 287 to 416) of HaSV forms a structure belonging to the Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Other protein domains whose structures show an Ig-like fold include the variable (V) and constant (C) domains found on antibodies (e.g. the Fab fragment of IgGs), the HLA surface antigens of the MHC complex and cell adhesion proteins and receptors (e.g. the CD4 receptor recognised by HIV gp 120). Mediation of cell adhesion to other cells or the extracellular matrix by these proteins is central to development, differentiation, the immune response and tissue structure and healing. Many of these proteins are also used as receptors by viruses (Lentz (1990).

Recent studies based on cell adhesion assays and analysis of artificial lipid bilayers attached to plates have elucidated the basis of cell adhesion promoted by binding of surface proteins. These studies are exemplified by work on the binding between the MHC class II and CD4 proteins, which mediate adhesion of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and CD4⁺ T cells in the immune response. Soluble (monomeric) CD4 (sCD4) fails to inhibit the MHC class II-specific proliferative response of T-cell clones (Hussey et al., 1988) or the binding of MHC class II⁺ B cells to CD4-transfected COS-7 cells in cell adhesion assays, even at a concentration of 100 μM (Sakihama et al., 1995a). This implies that the affinity of the monomeric sCD4 for the MHC class II proteins is >10⁻⁴M. It has now been shown that oligomerization of CD4 molecules on the surface of CD4⁺ cells is required for stable binding to MHC class II proteins, by increasing the avidity of the interaction between these cell adhesion protein molecules (Sakihama et al., 1995 a,b). This oligomerization follows an initial interaction between 1 or 2 CD4 molecules and MHC class II dimers. Characterization of chimaeric CD4 molecules has shown that the membrane proximal domains 3 and/or 4 appear to be involved in oligomerization.

The present inventors have now recognised that the lack of sequence similarity between the Ig-like domain of HaSV and the corresponding domain of NωV may allow tetravirus particles to be used as icosahedral platforms capable of carrying altered Ig-like domains or substituted tertiary structures and thereby show modified host cell binding specificities.

The Ig-like domain forms a prominent protrusion which interacts with either quasi 3-fold or icosahedral 3-fold related subunits on the surface of the tetravirus capsid. The icosahedral particles therefore present a defined oligomeric form of the Ig-like domain which is likely to allow stable binding of the complete capsid to the cell-surface receptor, analogous to the binding between CD4 and MHC class II oligomers. Support for this notion comes from the findings of Weber and Karjalainen (1993), who reported that a soluble, pentameric immunofusion construct of mouse CD4 and human Cμ could inhibit the interaction between polymer-bound mouse sCD4 and B cells, whereas a soluble monomeric immunofusion construct of mouse CD4 and mouse Cκ could not.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention provides an isolated small RNA virus of a kind which includes an Ig-like domain within the wild-type coat protein(s), wherein said Ig-like domain has been altered or substituted so as to modify host cell tropism.

By “Ig-like domain” we refer to a distinct structural domain having a core structure with seven to nine antiparallel β-strands forming a “barrel-like” shape however, since hydrogen bonds do not extend around the barrel, there is, in effect, two distinct β-pleated sheets and physically the fold is a β-sandwich (Bork et al. 1994). Some Ig-like domains within this definition (such as the tetravirus Ig-like domain), may also have additional β-strands outside of the core structure.

By “host cell tropism” we refer to the capacity of viruses (and virus-like particles (VLPs) as described below) to bind, enter and commence infection in specific populations of cells within an organism.

Preferably, the Ig-like domain is altered such that the virus selectively binds and infects a predetermined cell type which is other than the virus' normal host cell type(s). Such “targeting” enables, for example, the utilisation of the small RNA virus' insecticidal properties in the control of pest insects outside of the normal host species range. Small RNA viruses according to the invention thereby offer significant potential as insecticidal agents.

Whilst the invention is particularly described in relation to Tetraviradae, it is anticipated that Ig-like domains are also located in other small RNA viruses. Accordingly, the small RNA virus of the first aspect is selected from members of Picornaviradae, the Nodaviradae and the Tetraviradae. Preferably, the small RNA virus is a member of the Tetraviradae family such as a Nudaurelia β-like virus (particularly NβV). More preferably, the small RNA virus is a member of the genus of Nudaurelia ω-like viruses. Most preferably, the small RNA virus is selected from Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV) and Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV).

The Ig-like domain of the HaSV wild-type coat protein (p71) is located at residues 281 to 414 of the amino acid sequence shown at FIG. 1. The Ig-like domain of the NβV wild-type coat protein is located within residues 285 to 433 of the 634 amino acid sequence shown at FIG. 2. The Ig-like domain of the NωV wild-type coat protein is located at residues 280 to 413 of the sequence reported by Agrawal and Johnson, 1995.

Alterations or substitutions of the Ig-like domain may be achieved by replacing the wild-type coat protein gene(s) with a chimaeric gene(s) including nucleotide sequences encoding all or a functional portion(s) of Ig-like domains derived from other proteins such as those mentioned above. Functional portion(s) in this context refers to portion(s) of Ig-like domains which still permit the small RNA virus to specifically bind and infect one or more cell types.

For targeting the small RNA virus to cell types of pest insects outside of the normal host species range, the chimaeric gene(s) may include nucleotide sequences encoding all or a functional portion(s) of the variable (V) or constant (C) domains of antibodies specific to gut cell types belonging to the target pest insect. Alternatively, the chimaeric gene(s) may include nucleotide sequences encoding all or a functional portion(s) of Ig-like domains derived from proteins involved in cell adhesion or monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface epitopes.

Whilst it is preferred to alter or substitute the Ig-like domain using nucleotide sequences encoding Ig-like domains or functional portion(s) thereof derived from other proteins, it is to be understood that the invention contemplates alteration and substitution of the Ig-like domain using nucleotide sequences encoding non-Ig-like tertiary structures so as to achieve favourable modification of host cell tropism. For example, the Ig-like domain may be altered by inclusion of, or substituted with, a peptide loop (e.g. such as those present on the coat protein of nodaviruses), small protein or lectin.

Suitable alterations of the Ig-like domain might also be achieved with techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis of the wild-type coat protein gene(s).

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling the proliferation of a pest insect, comprising applying to an area infected with said pest insect a small RNA virus according to the first aspect, optionally in admixture with an agriculturally acceptable carrier.

The coat proteins from both NωV and HaSV have the ability to form virus like particles (VLPs) when expressed in a baculovirus expression system. The findings of the present inventors therefore offer the possibility of producing VLPs for use as specific delivery agents of, for example, nucleic acid molecules. These VLPs may therefore be useful as insecticidal agents or for use as a means of specific gene delivery for, for example, gene therapy. The production of VLPs from small RNA viruses is discussed in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU93/00411, the entire disclosure of which is to be regarded as incorporated herein by reference.

The HaSV VLPs have properties highly similar to those of HaSV virions. These include resistance to proteolytic degradation, buoyancy in CsCl solutions, morphology and dimensions, ability to protect encapsidated RNA from degradation, and affinity to the H. armigera gut cell receptor for HaSV. The latter property was demonstrated by the observation that VLPs bound in an identical manner to receptors on H. armigera gut cells in wax cross sections of larvae. This indicates that VLPs will be able to enter the cells and express RNAs within them.

Thus, in a third aspect, the present invention provides a virus-like particle (VLP) prepared from expression of a coat protein gene(s) derived from a small RNA virus of a kind which includes an Ig-like domain within the wild-type coat protein(s), said gene(s) having been altered such that the Ig-like domain of the expressed coat protein is altered or substituted so as to modify host cell tropism.

Preferably, the VLP is prepared from expression of a coat protein gene(s) which has been altered such that the Ig-like domain of the expressed coat protein is altered or substituted such that the VLP selectively binds and infects a predetermined cell type(s) which is other than a host cell type(s) which the VLP, absent the alteration or substitution of the Ig-like domain of its coat protein(s), would bind and infect.

Preferably, the coat protein gene(s) is derived from a member of Picornaviradae, the Nodaviradae and the Tetraviradae. However, preferably, the gene(s) is derived from a member of the Tetraviradae family such as Nudaurelia β-like virus (particularly NβV). More preferably, the gene(s) is derived from a member of the genus of Nudaurelia ω-like viruses. Most preferably, the gene(s) is derived from Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV) or Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV).

The coat protein gene(s) used to express the VLP may be produced by replacing the wild-type coat protein gene(s) with a chimaeric gene(s) as described above in regard to the first aspect.

VLPs according to the third aspect of the present invention offer significant potential for specifically delivering nucleic acid molecules to a predetermined cell type(s). For use as insecticidal agents, the nucleic acid may, for example, encode a toxin such as ricin, neurotoxins, gelonin and diptheria toxins. In medicinal applications, the nucleic acid molecules may, for example, encode a cytotoxin (e.g. for cancer treatment) or other peptide, polypeptide or protein as required (e.g. for gene therapy).

Although the inventors have observed, on occasion, that VLPs from the HaSV coat protein will encapsidate low molecular weight RNA having no virus sequences, it is probably necessary that encapsidation (and replication) signal sequences on the virus RNA be utilised, if the VLPs of the third aspect are to be useful for delivering desired genes to target cells. That is, it is probably necessary that encapsidation (and replication) signals be utilised to allow production of VLPs which specifically encapsidate and deliver expressible RNA of exogenous origin, thereby enabling the delivery of desirable activities to target cells. This may be in the form of an mRNA to produce a functional protein when translated in the target cell or in the form of retroviral or retrotransposon RNA which will be incorporated into the target cell genome from which the product will eventually be expressed.

The possibility of altering or substituting the Ig-like domain of small RNA virus coat proteins also offers the development of VLPs carrying antigenic tertiary structures. Such VLPs would offer considerable promise as vaccination agents.

Thus, in a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a vaccine comprising a virus-like particle (VLP) prepared from expression of a coat protein gene(s) derived from a small RNA virus of a kind which includes an Ig-like domain within the wild-type coat protein(s), said gene(s) having been altered such that the Ig-like domain of the expressed coat protein is altered or substituted so that the VLP presents a surface located antigen to elicit an immune response in a host organism.

The antigen may be all or an antigenic portion of a protein from, for example, a virus (e.g. HIV, HCV, CMV) or bacteria (e.g. Mycobacteria, Streptococcus, Haemophilias).

From studies conducted on tetravirus coat proteins and VLPs, the present inventors have identified a unique group of six properties or characteristics which enable the production of the specific RNA delivery VLPs contemplated by the present invention. These characteristics may be summarised as:

1. The ability of tetravirus coat proteins when expressed from exogenous expression systems to readily produce VLPs.

2. The ability of tetravirus VLPs to readily encapsidate exogenous mRNAs including viral encapsidation signal sequences and encoding peptides, polypeptides and proteins of differing activities.

3. The ability of tetravirus VLPs to be able to deliver exogenous mRNAs in such a manner that translation of encoded peptides, polypeptides or proteins occurs specifically in the cells to which the VLPs bind and infect.

4. The provision within the tetravirus coat proteins of a distinct region that forms an Ig-like domain responsible for host cell tropism.

5. The possibility of modifying or substituting the Ig-like domain on tetravirus coat proteins with other Ig-like domains and structures of exogenous origin.

6. The possibility of producing tetravirus VLPs exhibiting low reactivity to the vertebrate immune system.

These characteristics and the feasibility of producing specific RNA delivery VLPs is described in greater detail below with reference to the following, non-limiting examples and accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 provides the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA (SEQ ID NO:1) encoding RNA 2 of the HaSV genome (the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding RNA1 is provided in the abovementioned Patent Application No. PCT/AU93/00411). The putative amino acid sequences of the coat proteins p71 (SEQ ID NO:2) and p17 (SEQ ID NO:3) are also shown. p71 includes an Ig-like domain at residues G281 to E414.

FIG. 2 provides the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA (SEQ ID NO:4) encoding the NβV RNA genome. The putative amino acid sequences of encoded proteins is also provided (SEQ ID NOS:5 and 6). The coat protein (p70) includes an Ig-like domain at residues P285 to K433 of the 634 residue sequence.

EXAMPLE 1

VLP production from exogenous expression systems:

The tetravirus coat proteins easily produce VLPs after being expressed by exogenous expression systems, and importantly, they assemble into RNA-containing VLPs under in vitro conditions. In vitro assembly facilitates inexpensive, large scale production of VLPs carrying mRNAs encoding a variety of desired peptides, polypeptides or proteins and including cytotoxins which would be expected to hamper in vivo production due to their toxicities towards the host. In vitro production of VLPs may also be of importance in medicinal applications, since it should be possible to readily meet the stringent requirements for elimination of contaminating organisms/factors.

In vivo production of tetravirus VLPs in eukaryotic expression systems such as baculoviruses, yeast and plant cells is described in the abovementioned International Patent Specification No. PCT/AU/93/00411, and Hanzlik and Gordon, 1997. Briefly, the production of tetravirus VLPs in these systems involves the expression of the coat protein precursor gene (e.g. for HaSV; p71 of RNA2) with a strong promoter, then purifying the VLPs as for HaSV virions or by the procedure of Agrawal and Johnson (1995). To produce tetravirus VLPs under in vitro conditions, a procedure described by Yusibov et al. (1996) may be used after expression of the coat protein precursor in a prokaryotic host such as E. coli.

EXAMPLE 2

Production of HaSV VLPs encapsidating exogenous RNA:

The VLPs produced from tetravirus coat proteins readily incorporate exogenous mRNAs having certain viral encapsidation signal sequences. Such mRNAs may encode a variety of desired peptides, polypeptides and proteins. This can be demonstrated by the following experiment which places the nonviral gene, E. coli β-glucuronidase (GUS) within HaSV VLPs.

HaSV VLPs having translatable GUS mRNA within them can be made by coinfecting Sf9 cells with two recombinant baculoviruses. Using the commercially available baculovirus vector, pFastBac of the Bac-to-Bac Expression System (Gibco-BRL). Baculovirus 1 was constructed by placing the p71 coat protein open reading frame (ORF) (see FIG. 1) behind the polyhedrin promoter. When Baculovirus 1 infects Sf9 cells by itself, VLPs are formed which selectively encapsidates the transcribed mRNAs of the coat protein ORF. This indicates that an encapsidation signal sequence is within the coat protein ORF. This information was used to construct Baculovirus 2 which produced an encapsidatable RNA that expressed GUS activity.

Baculovirus 2 or pFBGUSp71 virus was constructed by placing the GUS ORF (β-glucuronidase, Jefferson et al., 1986) between the coat protein ORF and the polyhedrin promoter so that the initiating AUG codon would start translation of the GUS ORF instead of the coat protein ORF. Thus, when transcription occurs during the baculovirus infection, mRNA is produced that is expressed as GUS. This mRNA also possesses the encapsidation signal sequences possessed by the HaSV p71 coat protein ORF placed behind the GUS ORF. Consequently, when Baculoviruses 1 and 2 infect the same cell, VLPs made from Baculovirus 1 selectively encapsidate RNAs with the coat protein ORF only as well as those RNAs with the GUS ORF followed by the coat protein ORF.

Encapsidation of the GUS mRNA is confirmed by Northern blotting of RNA extracted from purified VLPs produced from Sf9 cells coinfected with both baculoviruses. To purify the VLPs, Sf9 cells are infected with the two viruses and after four days the cells are lysed with freeze/thaw and vortexing in Tris buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4) with 0.2% Nonidet P40 detergent. After clarification at 10,000×g for 10 minutes, the supernatant of homogenate is pelleted through a 10% sucrose cushion at 100,000×g for three hours. The pellet, resuspended by an overnight incubation, is directly layered onto a centrifuge tube having equal volumes of 30% and 60% CsCl in Tris buffer which is then spun at 200,000×g for 12 hours. The opalescent band is then pelleted at 100,000×g for three hours then resuspended in Tris buffer. When the extracted RNA is probed with a radioactively labelled GUS only probe, the RNA from the VLPs hybridises strongly to a 4.6 kb band, which is the size of the expected mRNA transcribed from the pFBGUSp71 virus. These GUS RNA containing VLPs also bind to H. armigera midgut cells in a manner highly similar to HaSV virions. This is seen when the particles are incubated with wax cross-sections of H. armigera midguts and immunologically detected according to the procedure of Bravo et al. (1992).

Alternative constructions of Baculovirus 2 could have included all of the HaSV RNA2 (FIG. 1) placed behind the GUS ORF, or the GUS ORF placed within RNA2 with the initiating AUG codon located at the site of the initiating AUG codon of either the p17 or p71 ORFs.

VLPs containing almost any mRNA can be made in vitro by first transcribing capped RNA in vitro with T7 polymerase then assembling the transcripts with purified coat proteins as described by Yusibov (1996).

EXAMPLE 3

Delivery of exogenous RNA encapsidated in HaSV VLPs:

Tetravirus VLPs are able to deliver encapsidated mRNAs for translation specifically in cells to which they bind and infect. This phenomenon has been observed by feeding GUS mRNA containing VLPs made in accordance with Example 2 from HaSV p71, to neonate larvae of H. armigera.

A 10% sucrose solution with 100 μg/ml (mRNA) concentration of GUS VLPs were fed to neonate larvae with the droplet feeding method (Hughes and Wood, 1981) and then sacrificed after three hours at room temperature. Eleven (11) GUS VLP-fed larvae were collected and separately homogenized in GUS extraction buffer Jefferson et al., 1986) with 1 mM X-Gluc (50 mM NaHPO₄, pH 7.0, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM Na₂EDTA, 0.1% triton X-100). A distinct blue colour indicating the presence of GUS, developed overnight in the extract, whilst a similar extract obtained from control larvae (11) fed VLPs without GUS mRNA, remained colourless. The result was confirmed by excising the midguts of the neonate larvae fed GUS mRNA containing VLPs and placing them into X-Gluc assay buffer (2 mM X-Gluc, 50 mM NaHPO₄, pH 7.0, 0.1% triton X-100). After incubation overnight, a blue spot occurred directly behind the stromadeal valve indicating GUS activity. The controls failed to show any blue colour.

EXAMPLE 4

Substituting the Ig-like domain of HaSV and NωV VLPs:

Tetravirus coat proteins have a distinct region in the amino acid sequence that forms a domain on the surface of the VLP which is responsible for host cell tropism. X-ray crystallography studies indicate that this domain has a immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) tertiary structure (Munshi et al., 1996). The importance of the Ig-like domain in host cell tropism is made evident by the following experimentation which show that the HaSV Ig-like domain binds highly specifically to a factor in the midgut goblet cell cavity.

H. armigera midguts were excised and embedded in wax then sectioned by standard procedures. HaSV virions and GUS VLPs produced according to Example 2 were then incubated with the sections for 30 min, washed and then histochemically tested for the presence of HaSV virions or VLPs according to method of Bravo et al. (1992). The results obtained showed that specific binding of HaSV VLPs occurs only to the goblet cell factor. No binding occurs on other tissues or cultured cells. In addition, no binding of HaSV VLPs occurs to other lepidopteran midguts such as Nudaurelia cyntheria capensis or Galleria melonella.

Experimentation also showed that the binding is saturable. This was observed by a double label experiment using HaSV virions and GUS VLPs labeled with photo-biotin (Bresatec) in accordance with the supplier's instructions, and detected with avidin reagents according to standard procedures. Biotin labelled particles incubated with midgut wax sections were only detected in the absence of a 30 min preincubation with unlabelled HaSV VLPs.

In further experimentation involving the wax section binding assay described above, it was shown that the HaSV Ig-like domain is responsible for binding activity. This was achieved by producing hybrid Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV) VLPs having the Ig-like domain of HaSV, thereby conferring to the NωV VLPs the identical, specific binding activity to H. armigera midgut goblet cells as that of HaSV virions and VLPs. Furthermore, the hybrid particles were able to deliver GUS mRNA having the NωV RNA2 sequence (Agrawal and Johnson, 1992) on the transcript 3′ to the GUS ORF. This was also shown in a complementary experiment where HaSV hybrid particles with the Ig-like domain of NωV showed specific binding to Nudaurelia midguts not shown by HaSV VLPs.

The NωV hybrid particles with the HaSV Ig-like domains were made by placing the NωV coat protein ORF (Agrawal and Johnson, 1995) into the baculovirus expression vector, pFastBac (Gibco-BRL) to generate pFBWCAP and performing the seamless cloning procedure described by Padgett and Sorge (1996). Primer Omega1 (ATGACTCTTCTCTGTGTGGTGGCGATCGGAGTAAG) (SEQ ID NO:7) and primer Omega2 (AGTACTCTTCAACTACCGCTGCTTCTAATCGCAG) (SEQ ID NO:8) were used to produce a 6.4 kb PCR fragment from pFBWCAP and having the vector containing the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the coat protein ORF prior to and after the Ig-like domain (from residues M1-Q274 and T415-stop 445). Similarly, a 428 bp fragment having residues Q277-T420 of the HaSV coat protein was produced by PCR with Pfu polymerase from Primers StuntIgN (AGTACTCTTCGCAGTACGACGTCAGCGAGGCCGAC) (SEQ ID NO:9) and primerStuntIgC, (ATGACTCTTCGAGTCTCTAAGAGCGTGTTCCTAAA) (SEQ ID NO:10). Both fragments were digested with Eam 1104 I and ligated to form plasmid pFBWIg. This plasmid was then used to produce a recombinant baculovirus according to the supplier (Gibco-BRL) of the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The resulting hybrid VLPs were prepared from Sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculovirus by the procedure used to prepare HaSV VLPs in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 5

Modification of the Ig-like domain of HaSV VLPs:

The tetravirus Ig-like domain can be substituted for other structures without interfering with particle formation.

(i) Substitution with loop structures.

The purpose of this experiment was to show that the region encoding the Ig-like domain of tetravirus coat proteins could be exchanged for a minimum loop structure without affecting particle formation and RNA encapsidation. Such loops could be used to modify the host cell tropism of VLPs.

The HaSV p71 coat protein ORF was modified by removing the Ig-like domain between residues Q276-T416 and inserting a linker of five SGSGS residues (SEQ ID NO:11). This was done by the method of Imai et al. (1991) with the primers HR2noIgL (CTGCGGTAGGCTAGTCGGGGT) (SEQ ID NO:12) and HR2Loop (AGTGGAAGTGGCACTACTCGACCCTCCTCTCGTAGG), the latter having an anchor sequence encoding the SGSGS linker (SEQ ID NO:13). The PCR with kinased primers was performed on the plasmid pFBp71 which contained the p71 ORF and the ends of the resulting 6.8 kb fragment were ligated and transformed into E. coli and screened. The resulting plasmid pFBHloop was used to produce a recombinant baculovirus with the Bac-to-Bac system (Gibco-BRL). Particles were purified as for HaSV virions and showed the expected dimensions and morphology of 32-34 nM diameter and a smoother appearance than unmodified VLPs. The particles with modified p71 also encapsidated RNA as seen by the presence of RNA on a formaldehyde RNA gel after RNA extraction from the particles.

The Hloop construct can also be made by inserting an SGSGS (SEQ ID NO:11) loop domain at alternative sites of the tetravirus coat protein. For example, an SGSGS (SEQ ID NO:11) loop can be placed with a similar procedure to the above HR2loop, between G281 and E414. Or alternatively as an addition on one of the loops of the endogenous Ig-like domain itself; for example D353 and E358.

That loop structures are likely to give tetravirus VLPs predetermined host cell tropisms is evident in the comparison of the crystal structures of nodavirus and tetravirus coat proteins (Munshi et al., 1996). That is, at the analogous region of the Ig-like domain of the tetravirus coat protein, nodavirus coat protein have a pentapeptide loop with varying sequences (Dasgupta and Sgro, 1989). Hence replacement of the tetravirus Ig-like domain with the pentapeptide loop, ATTFA (SEQ ID NO:14), of the flock house virus (Wery et al., 1994) will likely give the resulting VLPs a binding and entry affinity to Drosophila cells similar to FHV. Another means of modifying the host cell tropism of tetravirus VLPs is to place the tripeptide sequence, RGD, in an accessible place on the coat protein. This will likely give the resulting VLPs binding affinity for RGD receptors of the integrin family of proteins located on many human cells (Pierschbacher and Ruoslahti, 1984). This can either be done with the nodavirus-like loop structure or by replacing an existing tripeptide sequence with RGD on one of the loops present on the endogenous tetravirus Ig-like domain.

Loop structures with binding affinities to cells with particular cell surface epitopes should be readily obtained with stochastic methods. One such method would be based on the pSKAN procedure (MoBiTec) which provides a 6-8 residue loop having desired binding affinities with a phagemid display system (Rottgen and Collins, 1995). A second method would be based on the use of the tetravirus coat protein itself to form VLPs with variable loop regions which are then selected for desired binding affinities. Recovery of VLPs with a desired affinity produced from this second method is facilitated by the fact that the VLPs will encapsidate the mRNA encoding the desirable loop region. A reiterative process will enrich for the VLPs with the desired affinity. This may be achieved by a process similar to the pSKAN procedure but suitably modified to account for the non-replicating nature of VLPs.

In detail, an altered loop version of the HaSV p71, pFBHLoop, may be used to place a hypervariable region, derived from a loop primer, in the loop region. The primer HR2noIgL (CTGCGGTAGGCTAGTCGGGGT) (SEQ ID NO:13) can then be used in conjunction with HR2LoopVar (NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNCTCGACCCTCCTCTCGTAGG) (SEQ ID NO:15), to PCR a 6.8 kb fragment from pFBp71 which is then ligated to itself to produce a series of plasmids with p71 having different loop regions behind the polyhedrin promoter. These plasmids may then be used to produce pools of colonies with recombinant baculoviruses produced with the Bac-to-Bac system. Recombinant baculoviruses would then be prepared from the pools and used to transfect Sf9 cells. After 6 days, the Sf9 cells would be lysed with freeze-thaw and sonication (0.1% Triton X-100 in Tris buffer pH 8.0) and the particles allowed to mature by incubation a 4° C. for 1 week. The lysate can then be incubated with the desired ligand or surface epitope protein bound to magnetic beads according to the manufacturer (Dynal). The bound particles will be washed extensively but gently and directly extracted for RNA without elution. The RNA can then be used to perform RT-PCR with primers HR236F5 (AGAAGAAACCAACGGCGT) (SEQ ID NO:16) and HR2R2140 (AGGACGTTGCCTCCGACTTC) (SEQ ID NO:17) to produce a 1.7 kb fragment which can be digested with EcoRI and NotI enzymes then ligated to the larger fragment of pFBp71 resulting from digestion of the same two enzymes and having the rest of the HaSV p71 ORF. The resulting plasmid is then used to commence a reiterative second round of recombinant baculovirus production/transfection/particle binding/RT-PCR/plasmid preparation.

At least three rounds of recombinant baculovirus production/transfection/particle binding/RT-PCR/plasmid preparation would be required to arrive at particles with loops having affinity to the desired surface epitope.

(ii) Substitution with small proteins.

The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate that small proteins with less than 30 kDa molecular weight can be inserted into the Ig-like domain of tetravirus coat proteins so that when VLPs are made the small protein is displayed on the outside of the particles. This can either be used to modify host cell tropism or to produce vaccines to the protein. For example, it was demonstrated that the 27 kDa green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Prasher et al., 1992) could be displayed on the outside of the NωV VLP. This was achieved by a procedure similar to that described in Example 4 to insert the HaSV Ig-like domain into the NωV coat protein. The procedure utilised the primers WGFPN (AGTACTCTTCGCAGAGTATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTT) (SEQ ID NO:18) and WGFPC (ATGACTCTTCGAGTACTGCCACTTCCACTTTTGTATAGTTCATCCATG CC) (SEQ ID NO:19) to perform PCR on gfp10 cDNA (Prasher et al., 1992) to produce a 750 bp fragment which, when digested with Eam 1104I, had complementary ends to the Eam 1104I digested 6.4 kb PCR fragment produced with ω1 and ω2 from pFBWCAP. When ligated together into pFBWGFP, a hybrid NωV coat protein was formed having the primary structure: (NωV M1-Q280)-(GFP)-(linker peptide SGSGS)-(NωV T415-stop 445). This plasmid was used to produce a recombinant baculovirus according to the Bac-to-Bac system.

The hybrid protein was expressed in a manner similar to pFBWCAP and fluorescing cells were evident when irradiated with UV light. Particles were evident inside cells when examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), although they proved to be unstable when purified. However, when a particle was formed with a combination of proteins produced from pFBW loop virus and pFBWGFP virus at a ratio of 3:1, a stable VLP was formed which was able to be purified. Virus pFBW loop is the analogous NωV VLP version of Hloop having the loop structure and made by the same procedure and inserting the residues, SGSGS (SEQ ID NO:11) in place of the NωV Ig-like domain. The particle had a larger diameter, 45 nm, and the morphology showed larger protrusions on the outside of the purified particles. The particles were shown to encapsidate RNA.

The successful demonstration of hybrid tetravirus/GFP particles showed that proteins of less than 30 kDa could be displayed on the outside of the tetravirus particle. If such proteins possess binding affinities for cell surface proteins, then the tropism of the VLPs could be predetermined.

Immunoglobulin domains or lectins are excellent examples of such proteins which could be inserted into the region specified as the Ig-like domain of tetravirus coat proteins. However, certain modifications may be necessary to the proteins before their insertion to the tetravirus coat protein ORF. This is because of the need for the N-terminus and C-terminus to be adjacent in the tertiary structure of the protein as this conformation is evident in the tertiary structure of the tetravirus Ig-like domain. It is this conformation which makes the Ig-like domain exchange for other proteins possible without extensive reconstruction that would be detrimental to the conformation of the tetravirus coat protein. Examples of proteins to be modified to make the N- and C-termini adjacent are the V- and C-type domains of the Immunoglobulin superfamily and Ig-like domains from antibodies where the N-termini are separated from the C-termini by nearly the length of the protein (Bork et al., 1994, Williams and Barclay, 1988). Examination of the three dimensional structure of candidate proteins for insertion into tetravirus coat proteins will show if modifications are necessary. An example of how to modify proteins with Ig-like domains for insertion into tetravirus coat proteins is provided below.

(iii) Substitution with exogenous Ig-like domains.

The use of protein members of the Immunoglobulin superfamily is particularly desirable for determining tropisms for tetravirus VLPs as many of these proteins are known to be involved in cell surface recognition (Williams and Barclay, 1988), and in binding events such as those between antibodies and their respective antigens (Rees et al., 1994). This makes it likely that the presence of such proteins on the exterior surface of the tetravirus VLPs will cause the VLPs to bind to the same cells that are normally bound by the proteins.

However, most such Ig-like proteins have their N- and C-termini at the opposite ends of the three dimensional structure of the protein and thus modification of the Ig-like protein is necessary before insertion into the tetravirus coat protein as discussed in the previous section. Modification may be achieved by adding a 15-20 residue peptide linker which connects the last tetravirus coat protein residue before the commencement of the tetravirus Ig-like domain to the N-terminus of the nominated Ig-like domain to be inserted into the region of the tetravirus Ig-like domain. In such a manner the N-terminus, which would normally be at the non-proximal end of the Ig-like domain, is connected to the surface of the tetravirus capsid. The C-terminus of the nominated Ig-like domain is then connected to the residue terminating the tetravirus Ig-like domain by a shorter 3-5 residue peptide linker. Lengths of the linkers need to be empirically determined for optimal conformation of the Ig-like domain on the surface of the VLP. Composition of the peptide linkers may be alternating Ser-Gly residues for the required length as described by Bird et al. (1988).

Alternative linker compositions may be more optimal in some cases such as (Gly 4Ser) 4 (Somia et al., 1995). For example, the construction of one such hybrid tetravirus coat protein employing the NωV coat protein would be (NωV M1-Q280)-(linker peptide [SerGly]8)-(N-term-V-type Ig domain-C-term)-(linker peptide SerGlySer)-(NωV T415-stop 445).

An example of how a V-type Ig may be placed into the tetravirus coat protein so as to modify the tropism of the VLP to human cells having the low density lipoprotein receptor is based on the work of Somia et al. (1995). A 400 bp fragment containing the gamma Ig region of the C7 hybridoma is produced with PCR from pBS(Gly 4Ser) 4 Somia et al. (1995) with the primer GlySer (GGCGGTGGCGGATCGGGCGGT) (SEQ ID NO:20) and GammaC GCCTTTAATTAATGAGGAGAC) (SEQ ID NO:21) and blunt end cloned to the 6.8 kb PCR fragment from pFBp71 with the primers HR2noIgL (CTGCGGTAGGCTAGTCGGGGT) (SEQ ID NO:12) and HR2LoopIg (AGTGGCACTACTCGACCCTCCTCTCGTAGG) (SEQ ID NO:22), the latter having an anchor sequence encoding a SGS linker. The resulting plasmid produces a protein having the primary structure (HaSV p71 M1-Q276)-(Gly 4Ser) 4-(gamma V-type Ig domain)-(SerGlySer)-(HaSV p71 T421-N446) when used to produce a recombinant baculovirus with the Bac-to-Bac system. Stable VLPs encapsidating RNA and capable of binding to QT6 cells, should be produced when this protein is expressed (Somia et al., 1995). Suitable Ig-like domains with binding specificities for desired cell types can also be derived stochastically with phage display techniques (Clackson et al., 1991).

EXAMPLE 6

Production of HaSV VLPs with low reactivity to the vertebrate immune system:

VLPs produced from tetravirus coat proteins can be made to have a low reactivity to the vertebrate immune system.

The human immune system is one of the largest obstacles to therapeutics based on particles containing nucleic acids. This limits their use to only a few occasions before an immune reaction neutralises the particles before they enter cells. However, hybrid tetravirus VLPs may have a means to counter this phenomenon by being “invisible” to the immune system. Experiments described below show that >98% of the VLPs immunogenicity to the rabbit and mouse immune systems resides in the tetravirus Ig-like domain and that the VLP's contiguous surface (ie. the surface created by loop-type constructs of the tetravirus coat protein) displays little, if any, immunogenicity in the presence of an Ig-like feature on the surface. This suggests that the placement of an Ig-like domain from a human source will not induce the human immune system conditioned to the presence of such proteins (i.e. similar to a blood transfusion with different human antibodies with human Ig-like domains).

To determine the region of the tetravirus coat protein responsible for immunogenicity of the particle, the following experiment was conducted. Plasmid pT7T2p69 was constructed as outlined by Hanzlik et al. (1995) for plasmid pT7T2p71. However, instead of expressing HaSV p71 in bacteria as for pT7T2p71, the plasmid pT7T2p69 expressed a fusion of a part of HaSV p17 (Hanzlik et al., 1995) and the p71 coat protein by virtue of a frame-shift mutation after nucleotide C569 where an additional C was inserted. Thus fusion protein produced incorporated M1-P96 of p17 and N70-N646 of p71. The region encoding the Ig-like domain of p71 was deleted using the method of Imai et al. (1991) using pFBp71 and the primers HR2noIgR and HR2noIgL (see above for sequences). This removed residues Q280-T415 from the resulting protein expressed by the recombinant baculovirus produced from the plasmid with the Bac-to-Bac system. When Western blotted on two different membranes and separately probed with anti-p17 or anti-p71 antisera (Hanzlik et al., 1995) and detected using alkaline phosphatase induced luminescence on film, the signal from the deleted protein probed with anti-p71 was less than 2% than that of the non-deleted protein. Normalisation of the anti-p17 signal which accounted for differing amounts of antigen on the membrane was achieved with the signal from p17 which was unaffected by the deletion. The phenomenon of the Ig-like domain accounting for >98% of the immunogenicity was true for two different rabbit and three different mouse polyclonal antiseras. This observation is supported by that of Hanzlik et al. (1995) who noted that the anti-seras against NωV and HaSV did not cross react despite >80% identity in areas of the coat protein other than the Ig-like domain which had <35% identity.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

References

Agrawal, D. K. and Johnson, J. E. (1992). Virology 190, 89-97

Agrawal, D. K. and Johnson, J. E. (1995). Virology 207, 89-97.

Bird, R. E. and Walker, B. W. (1988) TibTech 9, 132-137.

Bork, P., Holm, L., and Sander, C. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 242, 309-320

Bravo, A., Hendrick, K. Jansens, S. and Peferaen, M. (1992). J. of Invert. Pathol. 60, 247-253.

Clackson, T., Hoogenboom, H. R., Griffiths, A. D. and Winter, G. (1991) Nature 352, 624-628

Dasgupta, R. and Sgro, J-Y. (1989) Nuc. Acids Res. 17, 7525-7526.

Hanzlik and Gordon, (1997) Advances in Virus Research (in press)

Hanzlik, T. N., Dorrian, S. J., Gordon, K. H. J. and Christian, P. D. (1993). J. Gen. Virol. 74, 1105-1110.

Hanzlik, T. N., Dorrian, S. J., Johnson, K. N., Brooks, E. M. and Gordon, K. H. J. (1995). J. Gen. Virol. 76, 799-811.

Hughes, P. R. and Wood, H. A. (1981) J. Invert. Pathol. 37, 154-159.

Hussey, R. E., Richardson, N. E., Kowalski, M., Brown, N. R., Chang, H.-C., Siliciano, R. F., Dorfman, T., Walker, B., Sodroski, J. & Reinherz, E. L. (1988). Nature 331, 78-81.

Imai, Y., Matsushima, Y. Sugimura, T., and Terada, M. (1991) Nuc. Acids Res. 19, 2785.

Jefferson, R. A., Burgess, S. M. and Hirsh, D. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 86, 8447-8451.

Lentz (1990) J. Gen. Virol. 71, 751-766.

Munshi, S., Liljas, L., Cavarelli, J., Bomu, W., McKinney, B., Reddy, V. and Johnson, J. E. (1996). J. Mol. Biol. 261, 1-10.

Padgett, K. A. and Sorge, J. A. (1996) Gene 168, 31-35.

Prasher, D. C., Eckenrode, V. K. Ward, W. W., Prendergast, F. G. and Cormier, M. J. (1992) Gene 141, 229-233

Pierschbacher, M. D. and Ruoslahti, E. (1984) Nature 309, 30-33.

Rees, A. R., Staunton, D., Webster, D. M., Searle, S. J., Henry, A. H., Pedersen, J. T. (1994) TibTech 12, 199-206.

Rottgen, P., and Collins, J. (1995) Gene 164, 243-250.

Sakihama, T., Smolyar, A. & Reinherz, E. L. (1995a). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 6444-6448.

Sakihama, T., Smolyar, A. & Reinherz, E. L. (1995b). Immunology Today 16, 581-587.

Somia, N. V., Zoppe, M., Verma, I. M. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7570-7574

Weber, S. & Karjalainen, K. (1993). Int. Immunol. 5, 695-698.

Williams, A. F. and Barclay, A. N. (1988) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 6,381-405

Yusibov, V. Kumar, A. North, A. Johnson, J. E. and Loesch-Fries, S. (1996) J. Gen Virol. 77, 567-573.

22 2478 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA not provided 1 GTTTTTCTTT CTTTACCAAG TGTGGTAAAA TTTAAACAAA GAAGAAAACC AGGACCGTAA 60 CCCGGCCCTT ACACACCTCG AGTCCGTGAC CACCGGATTA TACGTCGCCC ACCACACGGC 120 GCCTTTTCCG ACCACTCTCG AGAGTCGTTG GGAGTTTCGT CCGTGACCAC CCGGTTGGCA 180 GTCGACAGAC GCTTCCGGAC CACTAGAACC TCCTCGAGCG ACGCACACAC AGCACACACA 240 CCGCCTTAGC TGCACCTACG GCAGCGTTGA TAGCGCGGAT TTATGAGCGA GCACACCATC 300 GCCCACTCCA TCACATTACC ACCCGGTTAC ACCCTTGCCC TAATACCCCC TGAACCTGAA 360 GCAGGATGGG AGATGCTGGA GTGGCGTCAC AGCGACCTCA CAACCGTCGC GGAACCCGTA 420 ACGTTCGGGT CAGCGCCAAC ACCGTCACCG TCAATGGTAG AAGAAACCAA CGGCGTCGGA 480 CCGGAAGGCA AGTTTCTCCC CCTGACAATT TCACCGCTGC TGCACAAGAC CTCGCGCAAA 540 GCCTTGACGC CAACACCGTC ACTTTCCCCG CTAACATCTC TAGCATGCCC GAATTCCGGA 600 ATTGGGCCAA GGGAAAGATC GACCTCGACT CCGATTCCAT CGGCTGGTAC TTCAAGTACC 660 TTGACCCAGC GGGTGCTACA GAGTCTGCGC GCGCCGTCGG CGAGTACTCG AAGATCCCTG 720 ACGGCCTCGT CAAGTTCTCC GTCGACGCAG AGATAAGAGA GATCTATAAC GAGGAGTGCC 780 CCGTCGTCAC TGACGTGTCC GTCCCCCTCG ACGGCCGCCA GTGGAGCCTC TCGATTTTCT 840 CCTTTCCGAT GTTCAGAACC GCCTACGTCG CCGTAGCGAA CGTCGAGAAC AAGGAGATGT 900 CGCTCGACGT TGTCAACGAC CTCATCGAGT GGCTCAACAA TCTCGCCGAC TGGCGTTATG 960 TCGTTGACTC TGAACAGTGG ATTAACTTCA CCAATGACAC CACGTACTAC GTCCGCATCC 1020 GCGTTCTACG TCCAACCTAC GACGTTCCAG ACCCCACAGA GGGCCTTGTT CGCACAGTCT 1080 CAGACTACCG CCTCACTTAT AAGGCGATAA CATGTGAAGC CAACATGCCA ACACTCGTCG 1140 ACCAAGGCTT TTGGATCGGC GGCCAGTACG CTCTCACCCC GACTAGCCTA CCGCAGTACG 1200 ACGTCAGCGA GGCCTACGCT CTGCACACTT TGACCTTCGC CAGACCATCC AGCGCCGCTG 1260 CACTCGCGTT TGTGTGGGCA GGTTTGCCAC AGGGTGGCAC TGCGCCTGCA GGCACTCCAG 1320 CCTGGGAGCA GGCATCCTCG GGTGGCTACC TCACCTGGCG CCACAACGGT ACTACTTTCC 1380 CAGCTGGCTC CGTTAGCTAC GTTCTCCCTG AGGGTTTCGC CCTTGAGCGC TACGACCCGA 1440 ACGACGGCTC TTGGACCGAC TTCGCTTCCG CAGGAGACAC CGTCACTTTC CGGCAGGTCG 1500 CCGTCGACGA GGTCGTTGTG ACCAACAACC CCGCCGGCGG CGGCAGCGCC CCCACCTTCA 1560 CCGTGAGAGT GCCCCCTTCA AACGCTTACA CCAACACCGT GTTTAGGAAC ACGCTCTTAG 1620 AGACTCGACC CTCCTCTCGT AGGCTCGAAC TCCCTATGCC ACCTGCTGAC TTTGGACAGA 1680 CGGTCGCCAA CAACCCGAAG ATCGAGCAGT CGCTTCTTAA AGAAACACTT GGCTGCTATT 1740 TGGTCCACTC CAAAATGCGA AACCCCGTTT TCCAGCTCAC GCCAGCCAGC TCCTTTGGCG 1800 CCGTTTCCTT CAACAATCCG GGTTATGAGC GCACACGCGA CCTCCCGGAC TACACTGGCA 1860 TCCGTGACTC ATTCGACCAG AACATGTCCA CCGCTGTGGC CCACTTCCGC TCACTCTCCC 1920 ACTCCTGCAG TATCGTCACT AAGACCTACC AGGGTTGGGA AGGCGTCACG AACGTCAACA 1980 CGCCTTTCGG CCAATTCGCG CACGCGGGCC TCCTCAAGAA TGAGGAGATC CTCTGCCTCG 2040 CCGACGACCT GGCCACCCGT CTCACAGGTG TCTACCCCGC CACTGACAAC TTCGCGGCCG 2100 CCGTTTCTGC CTTCGCCGCG AACATGCTGT CCTCCGTGCT GAAGTCGGAG GCAACGTCCT 2160 CCATCATCAA GTCCGTTGGC GAGACTGCCG TCGGCGCGGC TCAGTCCGGC CTCGCGAAGC 2220 TACCCGGACT GCTAATGAGT GTACCAGGGA AGATTGCCGC GCGTGTCCGC GCGCGCCGAG 2280 CGCGCCGCCG CGCCGCTCGT GCCAATTAGT TTGCTCGCTC CTGTTTCGCC GTTTCGTAAA 2340 ACGGCGTGGT CCCGCACATT ACGCGTACCC TAAAGACTCT GGTGAGTCCC CGTCGTTACA 2400 CGACGGGTCT GCCGCGGTTC GATTCCATTC CCAAGCGGCA AGAAGGACGT AGTTAGCTCT 2460 GCGTCCCTCG GGATACCA 2478 157 amino acids amino acid single linear protein not provided 2 Met Ser Glu His Thr Ile Ala His Ser Ile Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly Tyr 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Ala Leu Ile Pro Pro Glu Pro Glu Ala Gly Trp Glu Met Leu 20 25 30 Glu Trp Arg His Ser Asp Leu Thr Thr Val Ala Glu Pro Val Thr Phe 35 40 45 Gly Ser Ala Pro Thr Pro Ser Pro Ser Met Val Glu Glu Thr Asn Gly 50 55 60 Val Gly Pro Glu Gly Lys Phe Leu Pro Leu Thr Ile Ser Pro Leu Leu 65 70 75 80 His Lys Thr Ser Arg Lys Ala Leu Thr Pro Thr Pro Ser Leu Ser Pro 85 90 95 Leu Thr Ser Leu Ala Cys Pro Asn Ser Gly Ile Gly Pro Arg Glu Arg 100 105 110 Ser Thr Ser Thr Pro Ile Pro Ser Ala Gly Thr Ser Ser Thr Leu Thr 115 120 125 Gln Arg Val Leu Gln Ser Leu Arg Ala Pro Ser Ala Ser Thr Arg Arg 130 135 140 Ser Leu Thr Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Ser Thr Gln Arg 145 150 155 647 amino acids amino acid single linear protein not provided 3 Met Gly Asp Ala Gly Val Ala Ser Gln Arg Pro His Asn Arg Arg Gly 1 5 10 15 Thr Arg Asn Val Arg Val Ser Ala Asn Thr Val Thr Val Asn Gly Arg 20 25 30 Arg Asn Gln Arg Arg Arg Thr Gly Arg Gln Val Ser Pro Pro Asp Asn 35 40 45 Phe Thr Ala Ala Ala Gln Asp Leu Ala Gln Ser Leu Asp Ala Asn Thr 50 55 60 Val Thr Phe Pro Ala Asn Ile Ser Ser Met Pro Glu Phe Arg Asn Trp 65 70 75 80 Ala Lys Gly Lys Ile Asp Leu Asp Ser Asp Ser Ile Gly Trp Tyr Phe 85 90 95 Lys Tyr Leu Asp Pro Ala Gly Ala Thr Glu Ser Ala Arg Ala Val Gly 100 105 110 Glu Tyr Ser Lys Ile Pro Asp Gly Leu Val Lys Phe Ser Val Asp Ala 115 120 125 Glu Ile Arg Glu Ile Tyr Asn Glu Glu Cys Pro Val Val Thr Asp Val 130 135 140 Ser Val Pro Leu Asp Gly Arg Gln Trp Ser Leu Ser Ile Phe Ser Phe 145 150 155 160 Pro Met Phe Arg Thr Ala Tyr Val Ala Val Ala Asn Val Glu Asn Lys 165 170 175 Glu Met Ser Leu Asp Val Val Asn Asp Leu Ile Glu Trp Leu Asn Asn 180 185 190 Leu Ala Asp Trp Arg Tyr Val Val Asp Ser Glu Gln Trp Ile Asn Phe 195 200 205 Thr Asn Asp Thr Thr Tyr Tyr Val Arg Ile Arg Val Leu Arg Pro Thr 210 215 220 Tyr Asp Val Pro Asp Pro Thr Glu Gly Leu Val Arg Thr Val Ser Asp 225 230 235 240 Tyr Arg Leu Thr Tyr Lys Ala Ile Thr Cys Glu Ala Asn Met Pro Thr 245 250 255 Leu Val Asp Gln Gly Phe Trp Ile Gly Gly Gln Tyr Ala Leu Thr Pro 260 265 270 Thr Ser Leu Pro Gln Tyr Asp Val Ser Glu Ala Tyr Ala Leu His Thr 275 280 285 Leu Thr Phe Ala Arg Pro Ser Ser Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Phe Val Trp 290 295 300 Ala Gly Leu Pro Gln Gly Gly Thr Ala Pro Ala Gly Thr Pro Ala Trp 305 310 315 320 Glu Gln Ala Ser Ser Gly Gly Tyr Leu Thr Trp Arg His Asn Gly Thr 325 330 335 Thr Phe Pro Ala Gly Ser Val Ser Tyr Val Leu Pro Glu Gly Phe Ala 340 345 350 Leu Glu Arg Tyr Asp Pro Asn Asp Gly Ser Trp Thr Asp Phe Ala Ser 355 360 365 Ala Gly Asp Thr Val Thr Phe Arg Gln Val Ala Val Asp Glu Val Val 370 375 380 Val Thr Asn Asn Pro Ala Gly Gly Gly Ser Ala Pro Thr Phe Thr Val 385 390 395 400 Arg Val Pro Pro Ser Asn Ala Tyr Thr Asn Thr Val Phe Arg Asn Thr 405 410 415 Leu Leu Glu Thr Arg Pro Ser Ser Arg Arg Leu Glu Leu Pro Met Pro 420 425 430 Pro Ala Asp Phe Gly Gln Thr Val Ala Asn Asn Pro Lys Ile Glu Gln 435 440 445 Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Thr Leu Gly Cys Tyr Leu Val His Ser Lys Met 450 455 460 Arg Asn Pro Val Phe Gln Leu Thr Pro Ala Ser Ser Phe Gly Ala Val 465 470 475 480 Ser Phe Asn Asn Pro Gly Tyr Glu Arg Thr Arg Asp Leu Pro Asp Tyr 485 490 495 Thr Gly Ile Arg Asp Ser Phe Asp Gln Asn Met Ser Thr Ala Val Ala 500 505 510 His Phe Arg Ser Leu Ser His Ser Cys Ser Ile Val Thr Lys Thr Tyr 515 520 525 Gln Gly Trp Glu Gly Val Thr Asn Val Asn Thr Pro Phe Gly Gln Phe 530 535 540 Ala His Ala Gly Leu Leu Lys Asn Glu Glu Ile Leu Cys Leu Ala Asp 545 550 555 560 Asp Leu Ala Thr Arg Leu Thr Gly Val Tyr Pro Ala Thr Asp Asn Phe 565 570 575 Ala Ala Ala Val Ser Ala Phe Ala Ala Asn Met Leu Ser Ser Val Leu 580 585 590 Lys Ser Glu Ala Thr Ser Ser Ile Ile Lys Ser Val Gly Glu Thr Ala 595 600 605 Val Gly Ala Ala Gln Ser Gly Leu Ala Lys Leu Pro Gly Leu Leu Met 610 615 620 Ser Val Pro Gly Lys Ile Ala Ala Arg Val Arg Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg 625 630 635 640 Arg Arg Ala Ala Arg Ala Asn 645 6534 base pairs nucleic acid double linear cDNA not provided 4 CCTTGATATC GCTTGTGTTA GGCACAAGTG ATGGAAGACG CAAGCAAGCA GCTCCGCGTC 60 CTGGATGCCC AGGAGCGCGC GAAGGCCGCC TTCCAACTCG ACTTCATAGC CTCTGTCGAG 120 ACTTTGGAAG ACGCTCAGGA GAAGTACGAG GGCATGATGT TTCGCAGTGG CACGAAACTG 180 CCATCAACCC ATATTAAGTT GGCAATCGAT CTGAGAGTTG CGGAGAAAGA TCTACGCCGG 240 CACGTTAAGA ATGTACCGAC AGTGCTGGAA ATTGGACCCA GTGTTGAGAG CGTGCGTTAC 300 GCTGTGCAGA CTCGAGACAA GGAGAGAGTC CATGGCTGCA CCTTCTCCGA CGCGCGTGAT 360 AACCTCCGCC ACAATAAGAT CGGTTATGAA GCCCATTACG ACAGAAAGAT TGGACCTGAC 420 GCCGCCCTTC TGGCCGCTGG TATCCCAACT GACACCTTCT GTGTCGACGG CTTCTCCAAT 480 GCGAGTACCA ATCCCCCCTC GCCATTGCCT GCCACTCACT TTACCCCGAT GGGGAAAGTA 540 ATAGTATTAT GGACGTGGCT AAAGGCATGG CTCTCCACGG CACCCACGTG ATATATGCGT 600 GGATGCATCT GCCCGTGGAA CTGCTAACGC TCACCGATGC AGACAATATT TTTGAAGGGT 660 TGACCCAGCG GGTGCTACAG AGTCTGCGCG CGCCGTCGGC GAGTACTCGA AGATCCCTGT 720 TCTCCGGTTA TAACGATTTT GGTTCGGCCT ATGTGCACGA TGCCCACCAT TGGGCTGGTT 780 GGCTTAAGCA TCGGGGAGTA GACACCCCGT ATGGCTTCTC CATATTGATC GACATACAAC 840 AGAGGTTCGG TATGCACACG AAATTAAAGA TCACCCGTGG GCACAGCAGT GGCAGTATCA 900 CCACCGTGTT CCCGTTGTCG AAATTGGGCT TGATCTGGGT GCCGAACATA GTCAAAATAA 960 TGTACCCTAA AGCCAAACAC GAGCCGGAGT ACATCGTCAC GGATAAGAAG AAGTATGAAG 1020 GCGTTTGCGT GTACGTCGGA ACGAGGGTGC AAAGTTCCGG CAAGTCTATT ACGCTCGCTG 1080 AGATTGTTCA ATACATCCGA ACAAGATTAA CACGCATCAT TCTGAATGGC ACTGTCCACG 1140 AGAAAACGTG GACCATAGCA GAGCAAGACA TTGAGCGACT TGCCGTTAGC ATTATGTTCC 1200 GCAAGAATGT GGAACGCGCT GTGTCTGAAA AGGCACTGAT GAGAGCGCAG AAGAAGTGCA 1260 AGAGCGCTGA AAAACAAGCG CTGCTGCCAG TTTGGATGCG GAGGATCGCC AATTGGTTCC 1320 AAGACAAATT TCAAATCGAC GAGGAGGTCG TACGCAAGCG CTACCTTGAG TGTCTCAAGG 1380 CGCAACCCTG GATCCACGCC GATAAAGTGG TGAACTGCGA GACCAAGCGC TATAACCCTA 1440 CTGTCGCCGA GGTGGGTCCT AAGAATCATT TGCTCGCCAC TACCGGATTG CGCGAGCTCC 1500 AAAGGGAAAT ACCCAGTGCT AACGAACCGC AAGATAGAGG AGCCAAGGCA TGGCACTCCG 1560 CTCACGCCGA TCTCGACATT TACGCCGAGG GACTCCGACT CGACTCCGCT AAAGAGGCAA 1620 GACTCGACCC TCCTCTCGTA GGCTCGAACT CCCTATGCCA CCTGCTGACT TTGGACAGAA 1680 CCAAGTGCGA GGGGTGCAAC AACATTGAAA TCGAGTACTG GACCGGACCC CCCGGTTCCG 1740 GGAAATCCAG GGCCGCTAAG CCGAGATTTG CAGATTTGCA GGGGGGCGTG TTGTACTGCG 1800 CCCCTACGCG CACGCTGCGC GACGCCCTCG ACGAAAGCGT CGTGCACCCT TCCCGTGTTT 1860 GCACTTACCA CAACGCACTG CATGTCGCTG CCAAAGAGTC TGGCAATAGG CCTTTTGACG 1920 TTATCGTCAT CGATGAAGCG GAGACGACGC CGGCTTGCTA CGTAGGTACG ATGCATCATG 1980 CATCGCCTAG TAGTAGGATC GTCTGTCTGG GCGATCCGCA CCAGATCGGT TACATCGACT 2040 TTTCGGATCG AAAAGACGAT TTGAAACCTT TCAGTATCAT AGCAGCCGAA TGTCGCACTC 2100 GTAGGTTTAA CACCACTTAT AGGTGCCCAC AAGACGTTTT AAACTTGCCC ATATTCAAAA 2160 CTCTATACCC GGACGCGATA TCGTTCAGCA AACAATTGAC TAGCATCCGT TACCTCACAC 2220 GGGCAAGATC AGTTACCCGA ACACGCCACG CTCAGACCCT GACGCAGGAC CAAAAGCCAC 2280 ATTCGGAACC GCCAGTGACC GCGCATGAGC CGCAGGCACG ACGTACGGAC GTTATAGTGC 2340 ATTACGCCGG CACTTTACCC GAAAGGGCAC TGTTAGAGAA GGTGCGGCAT ATAAACGTCG 2400 CGTTGACTCG GCACACAAAC GCCCTATATA TCAGGGACGA AAGTGAAAAA GGAGAGTTGG 2460 TACCTTCATT AATGACACCG CCAAGCTGGA GCACTTATCG GTGCACCCCC GTTGACAAGC 2520 AAATGGTACC GGATCCGGTT GCAGTGGAGC GAGAGAACGG ATCGTCTGGT CCGTGTGACT 2580 CCCACCATAT CGGCGCGATT ACTATATTGC AAGAGCTCGG CAAATTAACG GATACGAAAG 2640 GCGTACGAGT ATTTGAATCC GAAGCCGTCC CAACCGCTCA CCGGCGCGTA GTGCTTGACG 2700 GCAACCTCGA TTCAGGGCCC GATCGTTACC CGATGTATCA GTTCACTAAC CTCCGCGGGA 2760 CCAAATACAC GAATATCAAG GACAACCAAC AAGCGTTGCA TACGCTCGTC GGCCGGTATG 2820 CACGCAAGAT AAACAGCTCG AGCCGAGAGA CGCCGAGTTT GACGTTAAGA GAATCACAGC 2880 CAGCTCAAGA ATGGATTCCT TTTAGACACG CAGAGCCCGA GCAAGTCGAC AGTTGCTTTG 2940 CGACGCCATG CAAAAGATGC GAACGCGGCC ATGGCGTCGA TGACATCGAG GACTTCTGGT 3000 CGAACGAAGG CCAAAGAATT TCTTACCACC TTAAGGGCCA GCAAAAAGTC ATGGACCCCA 3060 CCAAACTGAA ACTTGGACAA GGTATCTCCG CGCATGAAAA ATGCGCTAAC ATTGCCTCAG 3120 CGCGTGGGTG AGGATTATCC AAGATCAGAT GAGCACGTCA GAGAAGTTCA TCTTCGCGAA 3180 TGGGCAGTCA GACCGCGATA CCATGTCTAT CATTGAGGCA CGCCTGCAGG AGAAGGCGCG 3240 GGAATTCAAA TCTATAGATA TCAAGGAGTT CGATACGGTA CATAACTGGG TCAGTATTCT 3300 TGTCTTCTCG TGGCGTTGCG ACCGTGGGTG CCCAGAGCAC CTTATCGAGT ATTTCGAGAA 3360 ACGCTCGAAA AGCCGGACGC TCTCAAGCCG CATAGGAAGC GTCGACGTTA GCTTCATGCT 3420 CGATTCTGGC GCTGTCTGGA CCATTGCCAG AAACACCTTA TTTGCCTCGG GTCTTATGCT 3480 CGCCCTTTTC GTCGGCGTCG ATTTCATCGC GGCGAAAGGC GATGATGTCT TCCTCGCAGG 3540 GAATAATTTG TACTTGGACG CAGAACGGCT TCGCATGGGA TCTTACTTAG CCGCAAACAA 3600 CTTGAAGATC GAGAAGACGG CGGTCGTGAG CTTTATAGGG TTTATCGTTT CCCAAGCCGC 3660 CGTCACAGCT GATGTCGTGC GTCTAGCCAC CCGGACTTAC GGTCGAAGTT ATAAAAACGT 3720 GATGATCTAG CGAGTATAAG ATAGCTATCG CTGACCACTG CAGTTGTTTA GATCACCGAG 3780 AACTCGTCTC ATGACCGCGA TCAACTGCGC CACCCTTTAC GGCACCTCGA AAGGTGCATC 3840 AATTATCTGA TGGACGCGTT GGACGATTCG GACACACTAA AATGAGCGAC CTACACTTGG 3900 ATCCCGGTTT TGTCATGCGG GTCACCCCCA TGAAGGTGGA CGAGCGGGTT TATTCCGGAC 3960 AAGATGGATG CCAACGTGCA GATAAGACCC GCGAGAAACA ACCCGAACCC AGGGCAACCA 4020 GGGCCGCGCA AACAACAACA ACAACGTCGA CGCAGGAGGC GGGGTCTAAA ACTTCCCCCC 4080 GTAGTCGCAC CGATTACCAG CCCGCCAGAT GGCCGAACCC CGAACCACGC GAACACCCGG 4140 GTCAACCGCG GTCGGACACG CGTGAGGGGG CTAAGGCAAG CGATGATGGA GAGTCCCATG 4200 GCAGCGACAT CAAGGCATGG ATTCACGACT ATCTAGACCC GGACGGAGAA TACAAGACGA 4260 GCCTGGACGA CGGGAAAATT CCCGACGGCG CGATACCTCA GTCAACATGC GGTCAATTTC 4320 GAGGGACCGT GGGCGCCAGA TACCCGGGAC TGAATTCTAC GACGCTACCG CTGGATGGCG 4380 GGACCTGGCC TCTACTAGTG ATGCATCTCC CGTTCTTCAG GCATCCGTTG TTGTTCATCA 4440 CCACCACCAG CAACACGGAA GTCGAAGTGA CGAACGCCGA TCTGGATGCG TTCGCGAACG 4500 ATTGGAACAA CAGGACGGAC TGGACCGAAG CGACGTACCC AAGTTGGGCG CAAGTCGGGA 4560 ACGTGTTTTA CATGGTCGTC CCGACCGAAG CGCTGACGGA CGTACCACCC CCGACTCAAC 4620 TGGGTGTATC AGGGTTACTC GAGAGTTACC GTCTGACATC GAGCGGCGTC ACAGCGTACT 4680 TCAACGCACC CACTCTCGTG AATCAGGGAG TGGCGGTGAT CGCGCAGTTC CAACCGGACA 4740 AAGAACACCA GAAGGAGAAC CCGGACATAG TAGCCGGGAC CACCCAAACG GGCGGAACGT 4800 TACAGCTCGG CGGTTCAGGG CCGAACTACA CATTGACGAT GACGATCGGG GACCAGGTCG 4860 AGTTCGGGGG CGCAGCAATC CCGCTACCCA CGGTGTCGAT GGGGCCGATG CCGGAGTCGG 4920 GGCAGCTGGT GTTCCAGACT GCGAACCTGA CATTCGACGT CGGAAACACA ATCACCATCA 4980 CGACCACGCT GCCACCAGGG TCGGTGACGG GAATGTGGCA ATTCACAGCC AGCAACGGGA 5040 CGGACACCGT GACCGTGGAC GCGGGAGCGA CTGTACGCGT TCGGAGCGAA TTTGGACGCC 5100 TCGGAACTGA ATCTGCAGGA CATCAACTCA ATCAAGATTC CACCAACGAC ATGAACCCAA 5160 ATGATGCAGG CAACGCCAAG ACCATTCAGT TCCAACTAAC GAAACGAGGG CATTATATGC 5220 CTGAGGCGTC AATCCGTGTT CGAAATGACA ATGCGACGTC TTATGGACCG GTCGATGAAG 5280 ACACCGAGGA CAACTGTGGT AGATTACACC GGGCAATTGG TGCACTCCAA GGATACCATC 5340 GACAGCAACT TCGCGATAGG TTGCCGTCGA TGACCGGTAT GTCTACATCA ACCGTACCCT 5400 ACTTGCAAGG TGTTCCGACG CTTCGAAGCG ATACCGGCGG AGGGGAGCCT TGGGGCCCCT 5460 TCGCTAGTGC GACACCTCCG AAGGACGACG TGGCGCTAAC AGTGGCTCGA ACTTGGACCG 5520 ATCTGCACCC ATTCGCATAC CCGGAACGAT ACAACGGATT CGGGGCCCTA TTCGCGATGG 5580 TGGCCAAGAC CATAGCCCAG ATACCTCGCT ATGTGCGATC AGCAGCCGGA GTGGCGAATG 5640 CGGTGACGGA CTGCATAGAG AGCGCGACCG AGAGTGTAGC CTCGAATTCC ACCTCGGAGA 5700 GGCGGCAACG AAGAGCGAGA CGTGTTGGCG GAATCGCTCG AGGAGCCCGC AATCTTGTGG 5760 GCCGCATAGG GAACCTTAGC TTGTAGGTTC ATTGCGACAT GGGATGTTCT TCAGTCAGCA 5820 GCTCTTCGGT TTCATCTCCA CTGACGACCC TCTGCACGTA TTTTCCCATC ATCGTGGTGC 5880 TGATCATCAT TTGCGGTCTG GTTTGGCTCG CTTCCTATTG TTTTCATGGC AGATCAACTC 5940 GACCCAATCG AAATCTTCAT CGAATTCCTC GGATTTCGAA AGATTTCCGG AGCCATTCGC 6000 TGCTTCCAGT GTAAGCAAGT CTTGGGACCT GCAGGACCCG TGGATTCCCA CCTCACTGAT 6060 TGTCAGTGGA AGGCCGCGGT GTTAAATCTT ATTAACAATC AGCTTTACGA CGTCGATATC 6120 GATGAGACGA ATCCGTTTCT TTACGGACCT CACCGCGACT GAGATGTGGA AGACCACATT 6180 GTTCCTTCAC ACATGCCCAG AGTGCGGTTA TTCCACCAGG GACACAGAAA CTACGAGATC 6240 GTGTCCCCGA GATTGCCAAG ACGGCAATCT TATGCACGCA TCTTCGGTCG GCTATATTTG 6300 TCACAAATGC CGGTTAGAAG CAAACACATT TTACCACGGT TTATGCTCTC AGTGTCGCGA 6360 CCGTGATAAT AAAAAACGAC GCTGAAGAGA GGACTCACAA CTACCTCGAT CTCGTTTATC 6420 GGACGAGTGA TACAATTGAC CCAGGGTCAT CCTGCAAAAC ACGCAGGTTT CCGATAGTGG 6480 TGCAAATCCA CCCGCCAGTC GTCGGTGGTC CCTTGCGGGA CCTATACGGT ACCA 6534 1233 amino acids amino acid single linear protein not provided 5 Met Glu Asp Ala Ser Lys Gln Leu Arg Val Leu Asp Ala Gln Glu Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala Lys Ala Ala Phe Gln Leu Asp Phe Ile Ala Ser Val Glu Thr Leu 20 25 30 Glu Asp Ala Gln Glu Lys Tyr Glu Gly Met Met Phe Arg Ser Gly Thr 35 40 45 Lys Leu Pro Ser Thr His Ile Lys Leu Ala Ile Asp Leu Arg Val Ala 50 55 60 Glu Lys Asp Leu Arg Arg His Val Lys Asn Val Pro Thr Val Leu Glu 65 70 75 80 Ile Gly Pro Ser Val Glu Ser Val Arg Tyr Ala Val Gln Thr Arg Asp 85 90 95 Lys Glu Arg Val His Gly Cys Thr Phe Ser Asp Ala Arg Asp Asn Leu 100 105 110 Arg His Asn Lys Ile Gly Tyr Glu Ala His Tyr Asp Arg Lys Ile Gly 115 120 125 Pro Asp Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Ile Pro Thr Asp Thr Phe Cys 130 135 140 Val Asp Gly Phe Ser Asn Cys Glu Tyr Gln Ser Pro Leu Ala Ile Ala 145 150 155 160 Cys His Ser Leu Tyr Pro Asp Gly Glu Ser Asn Ser Ile Met Asp Val 165 170 175 Ala Lys Gly Met Ala Leu His Gly Thr His Val Ile Tyr Ala Trp Met 180 185 190 His Leu Pro Val Glu Leu Leu Thr Leu Thr Asp Ala Asp Asn Ile Phe 195 200 205 Glu Gly Tyr Ser Ile Arg Phe Glu Glu Thr Gly Ala Leu Pro Cys Thr 210 215 220 Lys Arg Arg Lys Ala Ile Phe Ser Gly Tyr Asn Asp Phe Gly Ser Ala 225 230 235 240 Tyr Val His Asp Ala His His Trp Ala Gly Trp Leu Lys His Arg Gly 245 250 255 Val Asp Thr Pro Tyr Gly Phe Ser Ile Leu Ile Asp Ile Gln Gln Arg 260 265 270 Phe Gly Met His Thr Lys Leu Lys Ile Thr Arg Gly His Ser Ser Gly 275 280 285 Ser Ile Thr Thr Val Phe Pro Leu Ser Lys Leu Gly Leu Ile Trp Val 290 295 300 Pro Asn Ile Val Lys Ile Met Tyr Pro Lys Ala Lys His Glu Pro Glu 305 310 315 320 Tyr Ile Val Thr Asp Lys Lys Lys Tyr Glu Gly Val Cys Val Tyr Val 325 330 335 Gly Thr Arg Val Gln Ser Ser Gly Lys Ser Ile Thr Leu Ala Glu Ile 340 345 350 Val Gln Tyr Ile Arg Thr Arg Leu Thr Arg Ile Ile Leu Asn Gly Thr 355 360 365 Val His Glu Lys Thr Trp Thr Ile Ala Glu Gln Asp Ile Glu Arg Leu 370 375 380 Ala Val Ser Ile Met Phe Arg Lys Asn Val Glu Arg Ala Val Ser Glu 385 390 395 400 Lys Ala Leu Met Arg Ala Gln Lys Lys Cys Lys Ser Ala Glu Lys Gln 405 410 415 Ala Leu Leu Pro Val Trp Met Arg Arg Ile Ala Asn Trp Phe Gln Asp 420 425 430 Lys Phe Gln Ile Asp Glu Glu Val Val Arg Lys Arg Tyr Leu Glu Cys 435 440 445 Leu Lys Ala Gln Pro Trp Ile His Ala Asp Lys Val Val Asn Cys Glu 450 455 460 Thr Lys Arg Tyr Asn Pro Thr Val Ala Glu Val Gly Pro Lys Asn His 465 470 475 480 Leu Leu Ala Thr Thr Gly Leu Arg Glu Leu Gln Arg Glu Ile Pro Ser 485 490 495 Ala Asn Glu Pro Gln Asp Arg Gly Ala Lys Ala Trp His Ser Ala His 500 505 510 Ala Asp Leu Asp Ile Tyr Ala Glu Gly Leu Arg Leu Asp Ser Ala Lys 515 520 525 Glu Ala Ala Ala Gly Lys Gln Ser Leu Ala Ile Thr Leu Gln Gln Ala 530 535 540 Phe Gln Val Leu Gly Lys Thr Lys Cys Glu Gly Cys Asn Asn Ile Glu 545 550 555 560 Ile Glu Tyr Trp Thr Gly Pro Pro Gly Ser Gly Lys Ser Arg Ala Ala 565 570 575 Lys Pro Arg Phe Ala Asp Leu Gln Gly Gly Val Leu Tyr Cys Ala Pro 580 585 590 Thr Arg Thr Leu Arg Asp Ala Leu Asp Glu Ser Val Val His Pro Ser 595 600 605 Arg Val Cys Thr Tyr His Asn Ala Leu His Val Ala Ala Lys Glu Ser 610 615 620 Gly Asn Arg Pro Phe Asp Val Ile Val Ile Asp Glu Ala Glu Thr Thr 625 630 635 640 Pro Ala Cys Tyr Val Gly Thr Met His His Ala Ser Pro Ser Ser Arg 645 650 655 Ile Val Cys Leu Gly Asp Pro His Gln Ile Gly Tyr Ile Asp Phe Ser 660 665 670 Asp Arg Lys Asp Asp Leu Lys Pro Phe Ser Ile Ile Ala Ala Glu Cys 675 680 685 Arg Thr Arg Arg Phe Asn Thr Thr Tyr Arg Cys Pro Gln Asp Val Leu 690 695 700 Asn Leu Pro Ile Phe Lys Thr Leu Tyr Pro Asp Ala Ile Ser Phe Ser 705 710 715 720 Lys Gln Leu Thr Ser Ile Arg Tyr Leu Thr Arg Ala Arg Ser Val Thr 725 730 735 Arg Thr Arg His Ala Gln Thr Leu Thr Gln Asp Gln Lys Pro His Ser 740 745 750 Glu Pro Pro Val Thr Ala His Glu Pro Gln Ala Arg Arg Thr Asp Val 755 760 765 Ile Val His Tyr Ala Gly Thr Leu Pro Glu Arg Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys 770 775 780 Val Arg His Ile Asn Val Ala Leu Thr Arg His Thr Asn Ala Leu Tyr 785 790 795 800 Ile Arg Asp Glu Ser Glu Lys Gly Glu Leu Val Pro Ser Leu Met Thr 805 810 815 Pro Pro Ser Trp Ser Thr Tyr Arg Cys Thr Pro Val Asp Lys Gln Met 820 825 830 Val Pro Asp Pro Val Ala Val Glu Arg Glu Asn Gly Ser Ser Gly Pro 835 840 845 Cys Asp Ser His His Ile Gly Ala Ile Thr Ile Leu Gln Glu Leu Gly 850 855 860 Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Lys Gly Val Arg Val Phe Glu Ser Glu Ala Val 865 870 875 880 Pro Thr Ala His Arg Arg Val Val Leu Asp Gly Asn Leu Asp Ser Gly 885 890 895 Pro Asp Arg Tyr Pro Met Tyr Gln Phe Thr Asn Leu Arg Gly Thr Lys 900 905 910 Tyr Thr Asn Ile Lys Asp Asn Gln Gln Ala Leu His Thr Leu Val Gly 915 920 925 Arg Tyr Ala Arg Lys Ile Asn Ser Ser Ser Arg Glu Thr Pro Ser Leu 930 935 940 Thr Leu Arg Glu Ser Gln Pro Ala Gln Glu Trp Ile Pro Phe Arg His 945 950 955 960 Ala Glu Pro Glu Gln Val Asp Ser Cys Phe Ala Thr Pro Cys Lys Arg 965 970 975 Cys Glu Arg Gly His Gly Val Asp Asp Ile Glu Asp Phe Trp Ser Asn 980 985 990 Glu Gly Gln Arg Ile Ser Tyr His Leu Lys Gly Gln Gln Lys Val Met 995 1000 1005 Asp Pro Thr Lys Leu Lys Leu Gly Gln Gly Ile Ser Ala His Glu Lys 1010 1015 1020 Cys Ala Asn Ile Ala Leu Ser Ala Trp Val Arg Ile Ile Gln Asp Gln 1025 1030 1035 1040 Met Ser Thr Ser Glu Lys Phe Ile Phe Ala Asn Gly Gln Ser Asp Arg 1045 1050 1055 Asp Thr Met Ser Ile Ile Glu Ala Arg Leu Gln Glu Lys Ala Arg Glu 1060 1065 1070 Phe Lys Ser Ile Asp Ile Lys Glu Phe Asp Thr Val His Asn Trp Val 1075 1080 1085 Ser Ile Leu Val Phe Ser Trp Arg Cys Asp Arg Gly Cys Pro Glu His 1090 1095 1100 Leu Ile Glu Tyr Phe Glu Lys Arg Ser Lys Ser Arg Thr Leu Ser Ser 1105 1110 1115 1120 Arg Ile Gly Ser Val Asp Val Ser Phe Met Leu Asp Ser Gly Ala Val 1125 1130 1135 Trp Thr Ile Ala Arg Asn Thr Leu Phe Ala Ser Gly Leu Met Leu Ala 1140 1145 1150 Leu Phe Val Gly Val Asp Phe Ile Ala Ala Lys Gly Asp Asp Val Phe 1155 1160 1165 Leu Ala Gly Asn Asn Leu Tyr Leu Asp Ala Glu Arg Leu Arg Met Gly 1170 1175 1180 Ser Tyr Leu Ala Ala Asn Asn Leu Lys Ile Glu Lys Thr Ala Val Val 1185 1190 1195 1200 Ser Phe Ile Gly Phe Ile Val Ser Gln Ala Ala Val Thr Ala Asp Val 1205 1210 1215 Val Arg Leu Ala Thr Arg Thr Tyr Gly Arg Ser Tyr Lys Asn Val Met 1220 1225 1230 Ile 634 amino acids amino acid single linear protein not provided 6 Met Ser Asp Leu His Leu Asp Pro Gly Phe Val Met Arg Val Thr Pro 1 5 10 15 Met Lys Val Asp Glu Arg Val Tyr Ser Gly Gln Asp Gly Cys Gln Arg 20 25 30 Ala Asp Lys Thr Arg Glu Lys Gln Pro Glu Pro Arg Ala Thr Arg Ala 35 40 45 Ala Gln Thr Thr Thr Thr Thr Ser Thr Gln Glu Ala Gly Ser Lys Thr 50 55 60 Ser Pro Arg Ser Arg Thr Asp Tyr Gln Pro Ala Arg Trp Pro Asn Pro 65 70 75 80 Glu Pro Arg Glu His Pro Gly Gln Pro Arg Ser Asp Thr Arg Glu Gly 85 90 95 Ala Lys Ala Ser Asp Asp Gly Glu Ser His Gly Ser Asp Ile Lys Ala 100 105 110 Trp Ile His Asp Tyr Leu Asp Pro Asp Gly Glu Tyr Lys Thr Ser Leu 115 120 125 Asp Asp Gly Lys Ile Pro Asp Gly Ala Ile Pro Gln Ser Thr Cys Gly 130 135 140 Gln Phe Arg Gly Thr Val Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Gly Leu Asn Ser Thr 145 150 155 160 Thr Leu Pro Leu Asp Gly Gly Thr Trp Pro Leu Leu Val Met His Leu 165 170 175 Pro Phe Phe Arg His Pro Leu Leu Phe Ile Thr Thr Thr Ser Asn Thr 180 185 190 Glu Val Glu Val Thr Asn Ala Asp Leu Asp Ala Phe Ala Asn Asp Trp 195 200 205 Asn Asn Arg Thr Asp Trp Thr Glu Ala Thr Tyr Pro Ser Trp Ala Gln 210 215 220 Val Gly Asn Val Phe Tyr Met Val Val Pro Thr Glu Ala Leu Thr Asp 225 230 235 240 Val Pro Pro Pro Thr Gln Leu Gly Val Ser Gly Leu Leu Glu Ser Tyr 245 250 255 Arg Leu Thr Ser Ser Gly Val Thr Ala Tyr Phe Asn Ala Pro Thr Leu 260 265 270 Val Asn Gln Gly Val Ala Val Ile Ala Gln Phe Gln Pro Asp Lys Glu 275 280 285 His Gln Lys Glu Asn Pro Asp Ile Val Ala Gly Thr Thr Gln Thr Gly 290 295 300 Gly Thr Leu Gln Leu Gly Gly Ser Gly Pro Asn Tyr Thr Leu Thr Met 305 310 315 320 Thr Ile Gly Asp Gln Val Glu Phe Gly Gly Ala Ala Ile Pro Leu Pro 325 330 335 Thr Val Ser Met Gly Pro Met Pro Glu Ser Gly Gln Leu Val Phe Gln 340 345 350 Thr Ala Asn Leu Thr Phe Asp Val Gly Asn Thr Ile Thr Ile Thr Thr 355 360 365 Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly Ser Val Thr Gly Met Trp Gln Phe Thr Ala Ser 370 375 380 Asn Gly Thr Asp Thr Val Thr Val Asp Ala Gly Ala Thr Val Arg Val 385 390 395 400 Arg Ser Glu Phe Gly Arg Leu Gly Thr Glu Ser Ala Gly His Gln Leu 405 410 415 Asn Gln Asp Ser Thr Asn Asp Met Asn Pro Asn Asp Ala Gly Asn Ala 420 425 430 Lys Thr Ile Gln Phe Gln Leu Thr Lys Arg Gly His Tyr Met Pro Glu 435 440 445 Ala Ser Ile Arg Val Arg Asn Asp Asn Ala Thr Ser Tyr Gly Pro Val 450 455 460 Asp Glu Asp Thr Glu Asp Asn Cys Gly Arg Leu His Arg Ala Ile Gly 465 470 475 480 Ala Leu Gln Gly Tyr His Arg Gln Gln Leu Arg Asp Arg Leu Pro Ser 485 490 495 Met Thr Gly Met Ser Thr Ser Thr Val Pro Tyr Leu Gln Gly Val Pro 500 505 510 Thr Leu Arg Ser Asp Thr Gly Gly Gly Glu Pro Trp Gly Pro Phe Ala 515 520 525 Ser Ala Thr Pro Pro Lys Asp Asp Val Ala Leu Thr Val Ala Arg Thr 530 535 540 Trp Thr Asp Leu His Pro Phe Ala Tyr Pro Glu Arg Tyr Asn Gly Phe 545 550 555 560 Gly Ala Leu Phe Ala Met Val Ala Lys Thr Ile Ala Gln Ile Pro Arg 565 570 575 Tyr Val Arg Ser Ala Ala Gly Val Ala Asn Ala Val Thr Asp Cys Ile 580 585 590 Glu Ser Ala Thr Glu Ser Val Ala Ser Asn Ser Thr Ser Glu Arg Arg 595 600 605 Gln Arg Arg Ala Arg Arg Val Gly Gly Ile Ala Arg Gly Ala Arg Asn 610 615 620 Leu Val Gly Arg Ile Gly Asn Leu Ser Leu 625 630 35 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 7 ATGACTCTTC TCTGTGTGGT GGCGATCGGA GTAAG 35 34 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 8 AGTACTCTTC AACTACCGCT GCTTCTAATC GCAG 34 35 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 9 AGTACTCTTC GCAGTACGAC GTCAGCGAGG CCGAC 35 35 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 10 ATGACTCTTC GAGTCTCTAA GAGCGTGTTC CTAAA 35 5 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide not provided 11 Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser 1 5 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 12 CTGCGGTAGG CTAGTCGGGG T 21 36 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 13 AGTGGAAGTG GCACTACTCG ACCCTCCTCT CGTAGG 36 5 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide not provided 14 Ala Thr Thr Phe Ala 1 5 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 15 ACTCGACCCT CCTCTCGTAG G 21 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 16 AGAAGAAACC AACGGCGT 18 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 17 AGGACGTTGC CTCCGACTTC 20 38 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 18 AGTACTCTTC GCAGAGTATG AGTAAAGGAG AAGAACTT 38 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 19 ATGACTCTTC GAGTACTGCC ACTTCCACTT TTGTATAGTT CATCCATGCC 50 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 20 GGCGGTGGCG GATCGGGCGG T 21 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 21 GCCTTTAATT AATGAGGAGA C 21 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) not provided 22 AGTGGCACTA CTCGACCCTC CTCTCGTAGG 30 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated small RNA virus selected from Picornaviridae, Nodaviridae and Tetraviridae which includes an Ig-like domain within the wild-type coat protein(s), wherein said Ig-like domain has been altered or substituted so as to modify host cell tropism.
 2. The isolated virus of claim 1, wherein the Ig-like domain has been altered such that the virus selectively binds and infects a predetermined cell type which is other than the virus' normal host cell type(s).
 3. The isolated virus of claim 2, wherein the predetermined cell type is a cell type belonging to an insect species outside of the virus' normal host species range.
 4. The isolated virus of claim 1, wherein the virus is Tetraviridae.
 5. The isolated virus of claim 4, wherein the virus is a member of the Nudaurelia β-like or Nudaurelia ω-like virus families.
 6. The isolated virus of claim 5, wherein the virus is selected from Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV), Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV) and Nudaurelia β virus (NβV).
 7. The isolated virus of claim 1, wherein said Ig-like domain is altered or substituted by including an Ig-like domain from an exogenous protein.
 8. The isolated virus of claim 7, wherein the Ig-like domain derived from an exogenous protein is selected from variable (V) or constant (C) domains of antibodies, and Ig-like domains of cell adhesion proteins and receptors.
 9. The isolated virus of claim 1, wherein the Ig-like domain is altered or substituted by including a non-Ig-like tertiary structure.
 10. The isolated virus of claim 9, wherein the non-Ig-like tertiary structure is selected from peptide loops, proteins of <30 kDa and lectins.
 11. The isolated virus of claim 9, wherein the non-Ig-like tertiary structure is antigenic.
 12. A virus-like particle (VLP) prepared from expression of a coat protein gene(s) derived from a small RNA virus selected from Picornaviridae, Nodaviridae and Tetraviridae which includes an Ig-like domain within the wild-type coat protein(s), said gene(s) having been altered such that the Ig-like domain of the expressed coat protein is altered or substituted so as to modify host cell tropism.
 13. The VLP of claim 12, wherein the Ig-like domain has been altered such that the virus selectively binds and infects a predetermined cell type which is other than a host cell type(s) which the VLP, absent the alteration or substitution of the Ig-like domain, would otherwise bind and infect.
 14. The VLP of claim 13, wherein the predetermined cell type is a cell type belonging to an insect species.
 15. The VLP of claim 12, wherein the virus from which the coat protein gene(s) is derived is selected from Tetraviridae.
 16. The VLP of claim 15, wherein the virus is a member of the Nudaurelia β-like or Nudaurelia ω-like virus families.
 17. The VLP of claim 16, wherein the virus is selected from Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV), Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV) and Nudaurelia β virus (NβV).
 18. The VLP of claim 12, wherein said Ig-like domain is altered or substituted by including an Ig-like domain from an exogenous protein.
 19. The VLP of claim 18, wherein the Ig-like domain derived from an exogenous protein is selected from variable (V) or constant (C) domains of antibodies, and Ig-like domains of cell adhesion proteins and receptors.
 20. The VLP according to claim 12, wherein the Ig-like domain is altered or substituted by including a non-Ig-like tertiary structure.
 21. The VLP of claim 20, wherein the non-Ig-like tertiary structure is selected from peptide loops, proteins of <30 kDa and lectins.
 22. The VLP of claim 20, wherein the non-Ig-like tertiary structure is antigenic.
 23. The VLP according to claim 12, further comprising an exogenous nucleic acid molecule, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid molecule is encapsidated within the VLP and is expressed when said VLP binds and infects a host cell.
 24. The VLP of claim 23, wherein the exogenous nucleic acid molecule is insecticidal or encodes an insecticidal toxin.
 25. The VLP of claim 23, wherein the exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes a cytotoxin.
 26. A virus-like particle (VLP) prepared from expression of a coat protein gene(s) from a small RNA virus selected from Picornaviridae, Nodaviridae and Tetraviridae, which includes an Ig-like domain within the wild-type coat protein(s), said gene(s) having been altered such that the Ig-like domain of the expressed coat protein(s) is altered or substituted so that the VLP presents a surface located antigen to elicit an immune response in a host organism.
 27. The VLP of claim 26, wherein the small RNA virus is selected from Tetraviridae.
 28. The VLP of claim 27, wherein the virus is a member of the Nudaurelia β-like or Nudaurelia ω-like virus families.
 29. The VLP of claim 28, wherein the virus is selected from Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV), Nudaurelia ω virus (NωV) and Nudaurelia β virus (NβV).
 30. The VLP of claim 26, wherein the Ig-like domain is altered or substituted by including a non-Ig-like tertiary structure.
 31. The VLP of claim 30, wherein the non-Ig-like tertiary structure is selected from peptide loops, proteins of <30 kDa and lectins.
 32. The VLP of claim 13, further comprising an exogenous nucleic acid molecule, wherein said exogenous nucleic acid molecule is encapsidated within the VLP and is expressed when said VLP binds and infects a host cell.
 33. The VLP of claim 32, wherein the exogenous nucleic acid molecule is insecticidal or encodes an insecticidal toxin.
 34. The VLP of claim 33, wherein said predetermined cell type is a midgut goblet cell. 